If the U.S. Supreme Court’s rulingtoday on school busing doesn’t compel the Wichita school district change its policy, it should at least motivate the district to end forced busing. The high court ruled that the Louisville and Seattle school districts were improperly using race to determine where a student could go to school. Wichita’s busing policy, which applies only to African-American and white students, is outdated and unfair and also deserves to end.
Posted by Phillip Brownlee
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63 Comments
Damn racists!!!
Phillip, as posted earlier, the issue here isn’t whether the busing policy should change (which it should, regardless of today’s decision, as the policy should also target other ethnic groups, but need not under the consent order) as the result of today’s decision. Rather, it is whether the policy may stand at all, given the language of the plurality and concurring opinions. I believe this is not a “slam dunk” one way or the other, but will need to be considered both in light of today’s decision and the consent order with ORC the District operates under.
As I read the plurality and Justice Kennedy’s concurrence, the Wichita situation will likely turn upon the underlying findings and admissions in the consent order. Thus, if there was a finding that Wichita had, by law, maintained a nonunitary school system based upon race, the decision rendered today would not necessarily affect the policy.
Why are decisions being made based on race?
I think the decision brings any forced bussing program based on race into legal question. Especially since the bussing policy ONLY applies to black and white students which the Justices pointly said was not Constitutional. Wichita’s bussing program was based on neighbourhood when I lived there although the neighbourhood that was bussed was the predominately black area in NE Wichita. But I guess it would pass legally if it were shown that any white children in that neighbourhood were bussed too. I always felt that it was rather unfair that the black children were the only ones that had to be bussed while the white children- including me- attended our neighbourhood schools. The burden of social justice should be met equally by all people. We whites should have been bussed to NE Wichita as well in elementary school at least. As I recall both Roosevelt and East were pretty much integrated without bussing. Forced bussing should be used only as a last resort to avoid segregated schools. In places like Atlanta and Chicago they use magnet schools to attract diversity. Other districts have open enrollment where a student may choose from all or a number of public schools to attend. I think all of us except for the right wing nutcases can agree that diversity is a good thing for America. Getting there is another thing.
“…can agree that diversity is a good thing for America.”
What, exactly, does that mean?
Diversity is a means to the end of racism. Racism is a product of fear. The more interaction we have between races, the less fear of the unknown there will be. It is much harder (not impossible) to hate a group of people if you live, work or go to school with them.
Racism is still alive and going strong in America, but it is slowly being extinguished.
And practiced by Wichita as they determine the population of a school based on race. Racist. Disgusting.
“”…can agree that diversity is a good thing for America.”
What, exactly, does that mean?”
That means that we have to teach children that they have to get along with others that are different than they are. Study after study has shown that children that are raised in a diverse environment adjust easier as adults. The best way to teach children diversity is to out them in it where they will interact with others not like themselves. WASP children who learn to get along with blacks, Mexicans, Jews, Muslims and even gays will be more likely to value others as adults. This is good for the country.
“Diversity is a means to the end of racism. Racism is a product of fear. The more interaction we have between races, the less fear of the unknown there will be. It is much harder (not impossible) to hate a group of people if you live, work or go to school with them.Racism is still alive and going strong in America, but it is slowly being extinguished.”
I so agree. My dad was prejudiced when we were younger. He used to warn us about the Mexicans (”they will stick a knife in you”) and the blacks (even worse things). But as we got into more diversity and he got older, I found that he really started to change his views. First we were shocked when he came home one day and said he was gonna go over and help a black guy from work move some furniture. Then he brought the guy over to the house after they were done. Then later I had a black friend from school named Jerome and he’d come over and my dad took to liking him and he even came with us to Oklahoma to go fishing one weekend. By the time my dad died, I can honestly say that the prejudice he once had was gone too. I would say that his exposure and our exposure to black people in fact was a big reason for that change.
Diversity should always be a desired goal but we have to be just and fair in getting there.
Sol, the busing policy in Wichita was due to the official segregation of schools in the district prior to the Brown decision. At that time, students were forced to attend certain schools due to their race. The current busing program arises from my understanding from a complaint filed against the school district alleging racial discrimination in school assignments in violation of Brown. The district entered into a consent order in the early 1970s as memory serves with the Office of Civil Rights as a settlement of the complaint. Thus, the busing in Wichita was, at the time, considered remedial for past acts of discrimination.
I am also told by long-time residents that one effect of the settlement was the closing of a number of elementary schools in what is now called the AAA (Assigned Attendance Area). Should today’s decision result in the elimination of the 259 busing program, there will still be busing of at least some students until sufficient schools are either built or reopened in the AAA (or in at least one case, converted from a Magnet School to a neighborhood school) so that there are sufficient “seats” to serve the population.
Thus, while you may rightfully consider the current busing policy “racist”, it exists due to official racism in Wichita in prior years.
When a person like Brownlee says the busing is outdated and should end…finish the thought!
What are his considerations how to end busing?
It should end, what’s the alternative? No busing any child?
Schools aren’t equal across town.Enough schools new schools weren’t built. Old neighborhood schools closed.
How quickly will busing change in Wichita?
What are parents doing trying to improve schools their kids are sent to, no matter where.
Until all kids in the public school system have the potential to be bused, the system isn’t fair.
Where “neighborhood” kids are bused to, the school district can still make that decision so schools achieve diversity. Not just bus black children more than others.
Every child may live near a neighborhood public school but some years may not attend it.
“…can agree that diversity is a good thing for America.”What, exactly, does that mean?”
It means that if their were no diversity in American, you would only be eating hamburgers and apple pie. Not that hamburgers and apple pie aren’t good, but give me middle eastern cuisine at N & J Bakery and I’m happy. Give me a burrito from a Mexican restaurant or Chow Mein from an Asian restaurant and I’m happy.
delores - you remind me of a suggestion I have made many times. We should celebrate ALL holidays - with appropriate foods. “Breaking bread together” can go a long way toward breaking down walls. And besides, I love to eat! (Anyone who has seen me and my gut can attest to that!)
I clicked on “Post” instead of “Preview” so this is a continuation of my above post.
If the American population was only “white”, I’d be missing out on friends I have made that came here to live from Vietnam, Jordan, Lebanon, and other countries around the world that came to live in America.
I don’t want to live in a vacuum, I like living in a country that is diverse.
Mrage, you make some valid points. The following questions come to mind. How does the district ensure all schools are of equal high quality, for example? With the potential for choice in the district, should all schools be schools of choice? If so, how is over-enrollment to be handled? Should there be “neighborhood schools” at all?
If we had decent transit in Wichita we could possibly fashion another solution. Expand the magnet school idea, allow open enrollment, and free bus passes. At least at the High School level that might work.
Ben, I knew I had a special place in my heart for you!!!!
You have a gut on you ,Ben?
Vaughn,
I don’t know every primary public school here to understand if they all can be equalized.
We can hope the school board does try to equalize schools.
Parents shouldn’t fear their kids are being bused to worse schools.
When people live in Wichita, they have to understand all kids eventually get bused. For a couple of years, three or four.
Kids aren’t bused forever and some years they could attend the neighborhood school.
School board can control overcapacity in some schools by busing, that’s part of the reasons to do it.
Bus from neighborhoods more than caring about race of the children. Certain neighborhoods get bused.
It’s not a lottery that parents fear. Its a policy with everyone knowing what school their child will eventually attend.
Some years they will attend the neighborhood school. Some years the children will be bused.
Its not really choice. The only choice is parents choose where they live. City limits or out in the county. Goodard school district or Maize as example.
If people live in Wichita, all children are subject to be bused some years.
My son was bused all through school. From Wichita to Goddard. Now my grandkids are.
There is no such thing as “equality in quality” skools.Some are better than others, by definition.One is supposed to look at the “quality of the skools” before one moves. That’s on the list. (Probably printed in the Eagle, after the “Be Safe With Fireworks” article.At one time, the neighborhood skool concept worked. The idea of having Black and White kids in the classroom together just because it seemed the thing to do didn’t work. Diversity for it’s own sake doesn’t work.
“The idea of having Black and White kids in the classroom together just because it seemed the thing to do didn’t work.”
How so, Fleet? It seems to me that integration has greatly reduced racism over the years - not enough - but it certainly less prevalent now than it was 30-40 years ago.
I have to agree with WSC. When the fellow student who helps me with my chemistry assignment is black (or whatever) it definitely changes perspective.
“It seems to me that integration has greatly reduced racism over the years”
Integration in the classroom is not the reason. How many Black 4th graders can’t read? Integration isn’t helping them. It is another example (of many) of the Great Liberal Experiment that has gone down in flames.In the 50’s, Blacks did much better in their own neighborhood skools.
“In the 50’s, Blacks did much better in their own neighborhood skools.”
That is absolute bullshit. One of the primary reasons for forced busing was the LACK of equality in school and school facilities.
Who in 4th grade can’t read. You know some Fleet?
Some kids have reading out loud problems but they can read.
They have comprehension problems giving clear details what they have read.
They can’t write that well either.
Kids have a learning disability? That’s more possible than saying its a cultural problem.
What bad school isn’t teaching 4th graders to read?
Bad parenting should be overcome in schools. Those idiots parents need the to control a lifestyle at home so kids can learn.
No excuse, schools should better children. Society has to create policies so kids aren’t harmed at home long term.
News flash: almost 90% of the busing in the district is for reasons OTHER THAN de-segregation. If de-seg bussing were eliminated overnight in USD259, nearly 90% of those students now being bussed would STILL be bussed.
MOST of the district busing is done for distance and safety reasons, so Mary Sue the second grader doesn’t have to walk three miles to her “neighborhood” school, or cross major trafficways en route. Most of the rest is for special ed and magnet-school students. Of the 20K or so students bussed out of the 50K in the district, only about 2000 are bussed for de-seg purposes.
60% of 4th graders can’t read to standard.
I should spell better when talking about education.
A greater percentage of White students (68 percent) were rated as fluent when fluency levels 3 and 4 are combined compared to their Black (40 percent) and Hispanic (46 percent) peers (figure 4-5).
I guess the appropriate question to ask is why are schools in some districts predominately black? Integration is upheld by law, so why do so many minorities stay in the same communities? Appears to me, if minorities want to be integrated with society, then do it.
Don’t give me the culture identity answer either, all races have their own cultural background.
There appears to be a more important underlying issue at hand.
“why are schools in some districts predominately black?”
Duh? Economics, eh?
Repub,
People live where they can afford, some do prefer a same race neighborhood.
But many just exist without getting into upgrading their lifestyle in another neighborhood.
A lot of white people live in the same place for decades so do other races.
Look what happened at the Sub Prime lending situation. People upgraded housing with variable high interest rates, couldn’t afford it long term.
Investment banks fueled that industry to make profit at expense of low income people.
People are financially burned if they try to upgrade better housing without understanding the process.
School systems have failed in locations, leaving all black schools as they are.
A substandard school underfunded. That wasn’t right. A substandard white students school is wrong.
Schools haven’t been fixed everywhere yet.
Why does economics have a factor? Aren’t there integrated schools? Scholarships for the disadvantaged?
Are there not equal opportunity employers?
How do you explain so many Black professionals that come from economically poor neighborhoods?
Why not pack up and move to a smaller town or one that doesn’t have poor neighborhoods?
If it’s not economics, then what is it?
“Aren’t there integrated schools?”
You were the one that suggested that there were some schools that were predominately black, Blank.
I know as a parent, I always bought homes in mixed neighborhood deliberately. I did not want my children to grow up in all white areas for the reasons that I have previously stated.
Most neighborhoods in Wichita are now mixed, but there are still areas that are not. The reasons for that are strictly economic.
Anyone that thinks that there is not discrimination in housing is just lying to themselves.
It happens everyday.
Indifference to cultures, lifestyle, and concepts is more racist then the color of skin.As for example, I worked with a man for three years that was a pilot for Southwest Airlines, then one day after Christmas holiday he was complaining about his family, they got into a bickering about being black.I look at him in shock and I had realized that he was a black man and I had told him that, after three years of working with him that I have never thought of what color his skin was.I did not see him for the color of his skin; all that I seen of him was his culture, lifestyle and concepts, what is inside of you and what you impress upon someone, that in it self will show more then anything else.Indifference to cultures, lifestyle, and concepts is more racist then the color of skin.
Much of racism is not brought about because you were not around people from another race.
People in Idaho are not Racist even though when I went to High School you would be hard pressed to name more than 5 black people.
Racism stems from parents attitudes and other external factors.
I agree, that if you are already a racist, being around people from another race helps show you and teach you that you are similar and to be treated equaily.
If racism is simply a matter of not being around people of another race then you would see much of rural America or more North Western States which are predominantly white have more racism.
That is simply not the case.
Most of the Racism is still in locations and families which grewup in more racist environments.
Just my 2 cents…
Some area’s, people don’t understand what’s 20 miles away. They fear moving.
They have extended family living in the area, prohibiting the move.
Unskilled people have children, that causes hardships. Generations of families living in a home.
That’s their world, moving would be crazy.
Here, if people have economics, they can move and not get culture shocked.
A lot of reasons why some people are stuck in their economic problems.
I know one family that hasn’t moved since 1960’s. The neighborhood got worse and that family didn’t move. Kids moved out, grandkids moved in because marriages failed. That’s their home and it always will be.
Some people just refuse to move.
I believe the 1954 ruling in Brown VS Topeka Board of Education was simple. The ruling: IT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL TO SEPARATE STUDENTS ACCORDING TO RACE.
Prior to 1954, an old Supreme Court ruling said “separate but equal facilities” were OK. However in practice, many times the physical condition of black schools were not actually equal to white schools.
I recall comments by Paul Wilson, former professor at K.U. law school, now deceased, who participated in the 1954 Brown case. I seem to recall that Mr. Wilson said the Topeka white and black schools were specifically selected for judicial review because the condition of the black school was actually better than the nearby white school. I hope my memory is correct on this.
The 1954 U.S. Supreme Court wanted to rule that SEGREGATION IN ITSELF WAS THE CULPRIT TO OVERCOME … NOT the relative condition of school facilities.
So it appears to me today’s Supreme Court ruling modifies the 1954 Brown vs. Topeka case, just how much I guess we will hear over the next weeks and months.
Hey Nathan - answer wiseman’s question from 5:03 for me! ;^)
Good points about being raised racist. Part of my comments about ‘unlearning’ racism stem from my growing up in the South pre-Brown and attending ‘de jure’ segregated schools.
Well it seems as if this liberal White woman only became a racist AFTER moving into a black neighborhood. I am sure that it is just an isolated case though.
One woman’s lament: My neighbors made me a racistHow did tolerance and acceptance turn into judgment, and then something uglier?By RODNEY THRASHPublished June 21, 2007
——————————————————————————–Cathy Salustri, who lives with her dog, Madison, didn’t talk to her friend and neighbor about race until her article was published. She didn’t know what kind of reaction the story would provoke. “There’s this gray area no one wants to talk about,” she says.[Times photo: Martha Rial]ADVERTISEMENT[Martha Rial | Times]Cathy Salustri lives in St. Petersburg’s Bartlett Park, a predominantly black neighborhood. The only white woman on her block, she moved here two years ago, against her real estate agent’s advice. Now she’s ready to sell and move to a safer neighborhood.——————————————————————————–Related contentThe Feed: Eric Deggans’ takeCathy’s blog: Maybe I won’tstop talking
——————————————————————————–Offbeat News VideoST. PETERSBURG - Cathy Salustri was typing without thinking. She was mad and she needed to get the words out. What spilled across her computer screen would eventually land on the front page of a Gulfport newspaper and spark Internet debate around the bay area. But that night in her living room, doubt filled her mind. Why did I write something stupid like that? Do I feel this way? I can’t possibly feel this way. The words on the screen did not lie:
I’m a white woman living in a black neighborhood, and I’m turning into a racist because of it.http://www.sptimes.com/2007/06/21/Features/One_woman_s_lament__M.shtml
Regarding busing in the USD 259 school district, the statement is often made that only a percentage of school busing is done to achieve integration of schools.
Other criteria exists for busing students. Students who live more than a certain distance from schools are bused. Also I believe students with various kinds of learning and physical disabilities would continue to be bused. Barriers such a high-speed highways can require busing. I don’t recall all of the criteria. But my point is some busing will continue.
I also understand that in some cases, students do regularly ride city buses to some schools.
Well, so much for the diversity is strength mantra.
People in mixed-race areas ‘feel isolated’By Philip JohnstonLast Updated: 2:28am BST 19/06/2007
People in ethnically mixed areas are less trusting of their neighbours and live a more isolated existence, research from a New Labour “guru” has found.
The greater the diversity, the looser the community bonds and the more withdrawn local residents become, says Robert Putnam, an American academic based at Harvard.
Prof Putnam’s research shows that people who live in such areas retreat into their shells. They spend more time watching television, volunteer less and take little part in community activity.
advertisementBut where “social capital” is greater, children grow up healthier, safer and better educated. People in more homogeneous communities also have longer, happier lives and democracy and the economy work better.
The approach of Prof Putnam - who is visiting professor at Manchester University - is proving influential with Government ministers.
His work is behind a spate of recent announcements about the need for greater “cohesion”, and Gordon Brown’s emphasis on national identity.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/19/nrace119.xml—–
If the only whites I ever knew were those in “cabbage-town” in southeast Atlanta back in the early 60s I would have quickly turned racist too - against whites!
Ben,
“Hey Nathan - answer wiseman’s question from 5:03 for me! ;^)”
“You have a gut on you ,Ben?
Posted by: Wiseman | June 28, 2007 at 05:03 PM”
LOL!
I wouldn’t say he has a “gut” on him
Very nice man. Seemed physically fit to me
sgt - such isolaton need not be the case. I lived in a very mixed neighborhood in Los Angeles. White, black, hispanic, Jewish, Japanese, Korean, Greek, Chinese …
We had a great time. And, we did a bit of that ‘breaking bread’ celebration a bit. (Even though my Japanese heighbor across the street found my feeble attempts with chopsticks to be amusing)
Thanks Nathan!
;^)
But I definitely enjoy eating!
“I know as a parent, I always bought homes in mixed neighborhood deliberately.”
ws- The crap detectors are beeping.Does that fib make you feel better about yourself?
“I know as a parent, I always bought homes in mixed neighborhood deliberately.”
I’ve done the same thing. I understand completely.
Let me start with a couple of things. I have not read every word, but have carefully read the syllabus. Whether this impacts Wichita, it appears, depends on whether Wichita is still under a court-ordered desegregation plan/consent decree to remedy past de jure segretation. That Wichita HAD de jure segregation is without doubt; but I’ll defer to others who may know whether Wichita’s schools still are under that decree or whether, like the Jefferson County, Kentucky district in the SCOTUS decision, that court ordered plan is ended.
Second - aside from a few racist nuts (you know who you are), no one challenges the goal. Integrated schools, all things being equal, are far superior to segregated ones, and one need only look to the progress in the 50+ years since Brown to see that. We still have a long way to go, however.
Third. Most segregation today is not by design at all, but a function of housing and neighborhood racial makeups. That is a complex subject itself, with economics, culture, comfort and conformity, personal goals (see WS as myself, above), and yes, blatent racism in housing and lending playing a role. School busing cannot fix that; if we expect integrated schools to carry the load of fixing racism in our society, we expect far too much.
Bottom line, I guess. Can one justify eliminating separation by race by separating by race? It’s hard for me to imagine a less logical approach. While “diversity” is a laudable goal, and one worthy of pursuit, I’m not convinced that assigning students SOLELY on the basis of race to differing schools in the pursuit of some magic ideal serves that end. There are other worthy goals here as well. One of those is for neighborhoods to buy in to their schools as part of their neighborhoods. It’s difficult to do that when neighborhood students are scattered over the city. Who decides which students will be bused, and which will not?
On the other hand, integrated schools encourage integrated neighborhoods, and the fact of the matter is that primarily black schools tend to get short thrift in funding decisions unless upper-class white kids have to share their conditions. Ultimately, the only solution is to integrate the neighborhoods from which the schools come. The answer to that is economic and cultural, and while schools can influence that change, they cannot do it alone.
One question we must ask is - do we expect our schools to act as agents of social change, or educational institutions to instill basic knowledge. Schools, by their nature, are inherently somewhat conservative; they exist, in large part, to pass on the culture to the next generation. To some extent the goals of “education” and social change are mutually exclusive: dollars and energy spent on desegragion plans are dollars not spent on math, science, history, etc. In an era where we are failing those goals, perhaps failing our minority students most of all, I’d prefer we spend our limited capital and energy giving our students, especially minority students, the academic tools to be successful. That success, we hope, will lead to the integrated neighborhoods and a society that embraces cultural diversity that are ultimately our goals.
I don’t know if I’ve provided any answers; I know I don’t believe I offer any ready solutions. If the solutions were easy, they’d already have been done. In a sense, I’m thinking out loud here.
However, on balance, I have to come down with the majority. It’s not a slam dunk, and people of good conscience will disagree. But there I fall.
Absolutely correct, GMC. The key, in my mind, is to encourage education. Equality in schools goes a (long?) ways towards that goal.
To my way of thinking, the three pillars of equality are education, economic opportunity and housing.
If we can raise the first item to a level of equality, then the other two will fall into place in time.
Until we are all equal, racism will still be a way of life in America. Until racism is eradicated, we will remain a divided country.
“I’ve done the same thing. I understand completely.”
Yeah, me too. One area had too many white people in it. That would never do.
“I’ve done the same thing. I understand completely.”
We drove around the block and counted the Black people.
Yea, WS, I think we’re on the same page on this one. We’re probably on the same page more often than we realize.
Unfortunately, human nature being what it is, if we magically eliminated all racism, religious and ethinic animocities, and economic inequality tomorrow, by noon the next day we’d find new reasons to hate each other. It’s what we are.
That doesn’t mean, of course, we quit trying to narrow those divisions.
fleetwood, it sounds like you have an admirer among the Nazi trash.
CF -
I think you’ve insulted the trash.
“I think you’ve insulted the trash.
Posted by: GMC70 | June 29, 2007 at 12:40 AM”
gmc-If that’s how you want to play it…
“In the 50’s, Blacks did much better in their own neighborhood skools.”
Are you kidding? They did terrible in all black schools! They might have got good grades but that is because expectations were very low. In most all black schools, you got a C just for showing up. No work was expected from you and the teachers just showed up to get paid. It was thought, and rightly so, that if you closed those schools and moved the black kids to the all white schools, things would improve and over all they have.
“If the only whites I ever knew were those in “cabbage-town” in southeast Atlanta back in the early 60s I would have quickly turned racist too - against whites!”
Kind of funny that Cabbage Town was, for years a run down neighbourhood and the ajoining Little Five Points area was full of Hippies and addicts, are now premium neighbourhoods where even a small house will cost you upwards of 300K.
Good point kev. I had noticed that on a recent visit. “Gentrification” is happening in cities across the country. In fact, the most money I ever made on a house was in an area of Los Angeles (ethnically mixed mentioned above) that was ‘coming back.’
“things would improve and over all they have.”
They have? What’s that percentage again of the reading skills of Black 4th graders?Talk about low expectations.
Maybe more elementary schools should be built. This would create smaller schools, which some researchers think are better than larger schools.
I attended elementary schools with less than 300 students. Then the districts (not here) first sold off schools in the post-baby-boom contraction, then with the baby-boom echo, set up mobile classrooms, and massively enlarged their enrollments. Then they built new classrooms on the same sites. The schools I attended nearly a half century ago have twice as many students as they once did.
Has this been cost-effective? I suppose, if saving money means more than international testing that shows American kids having slipped to near the bottom of the pile, in an economy that needs people to be more-educated than in the past, not less.
How much did busing cost us this past year, with higher fuel prices? How much would it cost with 30% higher fuel costs than we now have?
How many schools could be built with 30-year bond financing for the same cost as busing, or even three times as much, because kids don’t learn math, reading and writing, science or history standing on the corner or being driven all around town.
Maybe renovating 400, 500, even in one case 788 student elementary buildings wasn’t the smartest idea in town. The organizers assumed the district would continue its large busing program. Perhaps they should have been “thinking different”.
Phillip Brownlee: I suggest after the dust settles from this U.S. Supreme Court decision in about a week, that you add another blog paragraph on school busing.
Frankly, I have read the newspaper reports, listened to TV commentators but still don’t understand the decision in a nut shell, if that’s possible.
It seems like a convuluted decision where up means down and north means south.
It should be expressed in terms that school boards and officials around the country AND THE PUBLIC can interpret and apply to their own school system. Right now it looks like this decision will lead to re-integration of our schools, a situation that I think thinking citizens don’t want to return to.
Note: My last sentence above should have read:
“Right now it looks like this (U.S. Supreme Court) decision will lead to RE-SEGREGATION of our schools, a situation I think that thinking citizens don’t want to return to.”
In other words, here in USD 259 schools, although its very complicated, most schools are integrated to some degree and as much as humanly possible. Complicating factors including shifting demographics, growth of Hispanic population, a degree of choice by students as to where they want to attend, etc.
I’m not going to try to interpret yesterday’s new U.S Supreme Court ruling but I think its going to lead to mass confusion and be unworkable. We will see.